Photovoltaic cells: how they work and what types mean
Sources checked
A photovoltaic cell converts light into direct-current electricity. A cell is a component of a panel; its laboratory efficiency is not automatically the efficiency or annual output of a complete rooftop installation.
From cell to module
Cells are connected electrically and protected within a module. Modules connected in strings supply an inverter or charge controller. The complete installation also needs mounting, cables, protection and the appropriate grid or off-grid design.
Partial shade, temperature and electrical mismatch affect the finished system. A cell technology name cannot predict the output of a particular roof.
Compare the finished product
Monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film describe broad technology families. TOPCon, HJT and back-contact names describe cell construction. Half-cut cells describe a physical arrangement; bifacial modules can also use light reaching their rear side.
Compare rated module power, dimensions, efficiency, temperature coefficient, electrical characteristics and warranties for the exact model. Check compatibility with the inverter's current and voltage limits rather than selecting a module by its cell acronym alone.